New Media and Advertising

The advent of the innovative technologies and multimedia devices had a significant impact on all spheres of social life and the advertising industry was not an exception. The new media model of advertising opened up a lot of new opportunities for influencing the consumers’ preferences and positive branding of companies, ranging from utilizing the new channels of communication to making the ads more personalized.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Media and Advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Going with the times, the contemporary companies have to meet the requirements of the contemporary market and develop the new media advertising campaigns of their products for the purpose of establishing the contact with customers and creating a competitive edge. The research question is what strategies would allow maximizing the benefits from implementation the interactive advertising strategies and what mea sures need to be imposed for overcoming the limitations of the approach. The development of new communication technologies predetermined both new opportunities and new challenges for the advertising industry. The research by Lombard and Snyder-Duch (2001) is valuable for defining the most effective new media advertising strategies. On the one hand, advertisers can take advantages of the new channels and forms of communication for delivering their messages to the potential consumers. On the other hand, along with the changes in the advertising strategies, the consumers’ understanding of the advertising information became more sophisticated as well. Peltier, Schibrowski, Schultz (2003) noted that advertisers need to adapt to the changing consumers’ characteristics: â€Å"The unique characteristics of the new media require that a database-driven segmentation approach to communication strategy be employed† (p. 114). The segmentation strategy would allow not only de livering ads to the target audience but also making them more customized. The shift to the personalized advertising strategies increases the effectiveness of ads texts, providing the consumers with a wide range of choices of the product information and the manners of its presentation. Yoo (2007) admitted that â€Å"Interactivity is the key characteristic of the new media, which is expected to transform not only the way advertising is designed and implemented but also the manner in which it affects consumers’ opinions and attitudes† (p. 8). Developing the same idea, Lombard and Snyder-Duch (2001) pointed at the option of control of the advertising content as the main indicator of interactivity as the peculiar feature of new media advertising aimed at involving the consumers in the advertising process (Spurgeon, 2008, p. 2).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lomb ard and Snyder-Duch (2001) noted that â€Å"Early research and theory regarding the concept of presence provide a valuable framework for developing effective advertising techniques and messages in this new media world† (p. 63). The option of controlling the content, producing the impression of physical presence and involvement in the process of advertising are important for enhancing the effectiveness of new media ads. A mere implementation of the innovative strategies without adapting them to the peculiarities of the policies is insufficient for making the advertising campaign effective. The study by Liu and Shrum (2002) is valuable because along with the discussion of the advantages of the interactivity in contemporary new media advertising strategies, it points at the limitations of the approach. Liu and Shrum (2002) noted that â€Å"The rush to implement interactivity features into a marketing situation must be tempered, or at least mediated, by consideration and underst anding of precisely what interactivity is, what it can do well, and, just as important, what it cannot do† (p. 63). The researchers consider the structural and experiential aspects of interactivity and point at impossibility of overall control of the consumers’ choices which are based on their personal experiences. Stafford and Faber (2005) advised to manipulate the consumers’ curiosity: â€Å"An Internet advertising campaign in which curiosity-generating ads precede product information ads will be significantly more effective than a campaign that uses only product information ads† (p. 176). Hermeking (2005) emphasized the importance of the structural improvement of the web design: â€Å"Site quality which is also equated with usability, establishment of trust, and creation of positive affect during website use are quoted as the most essential website characteristics† (Culture and Internet consumption). Still, even perfecting the flexibility of the web design, cancelling all the annoying pop-ups and maximizing the consumers’ opportunities for controlling the content of the ads, advertisers can hardly influence the consumers’ attitude towards communicating with the company as well as their unwillingness to control their personal information. It is significant that the study by Liu and Shrum (2002) sheds light upon the limitations of interactivity and the main precautionary measures which need to be imposed for the purpose of minimizing the risks and maximizing the effectiveness of the advertising campaigns.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on New Media and Advertising specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The implementation of the new media advertising strategies may become a real challenge for the companies. It is important not only to integrate the new model into the company’s philosophy for the purpose of going with the times but also to cond uct a research of the target population and the segmentation of the consumers’ base for making the ads more personalized and enhancing their effectiveness. The advertising specialists should bear in mind not only the advantages but also the limitations of the interactivity as the key aspect of contemporary new media advertising model. Reference List Hermeking, M. (2005). Culture and Internet consumption: Contributions from cross-cultural marketing and advertising research. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(1), article 10. Liu, Y. Shrum, L. (Winter 2002). What is interactivity and is it always such a good thing? Journal of Advertising, 31 (4): p. 53-65. Lombard, M. Snyder-Duch, J. (2010). Interactive advertising and presence: A framework. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 1 (2): p. 56-65. Peltier, J., Schibrowski, J., Schultz, D. (2003). Interactive integrated marketing communication: Combining the power of IMC, the new media and database marketing. Internatio nal Journal of Advertising, 22: p. 93 – 115. Spurgeon, C. (2008). Advertising and new media. New York, NY: Routledge.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Stafford, M. Faber, R. (eds.) (2005). Advertising, promotion and new media. New York, NY: American Academy of Advertising. Yoo, C. (2007). Preattentive processing of web advertising. New York, NY: Cambria Press. This essay on New Media and Advertising was written and submitted by user Tristin Mcintyre to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Greatest Ninja Battle in 1581

The Greatest Ninja Battle in 1581 It was a lawless era in Japan, with petty feudal lords fighting a never-ending series of small wars over land and power. In the chaotic Sengoku period (1467-1598), the peasants often ended up as cannon-fodder or incidental victims of the samurai wars; some commoners, however, organized themselves to defend their own homes, and to take advantage of the constant warfare. We call them the yamabushi or ninja. The key ninja strongholds were the mountainous provinces of Iga and Koga, located in what are now Mie and Shiga Prefectures, respectively, in southern Honshu. Residents of these two provinces gathered information and practiced their own techniques of espionage, medicine, warfare, and assassination. Politically and socially, the ninja provinces were independent, self-governing, and democratic - they were ruled by town council, rather than by a central authority or daimyo. To the autocratic nobles of other regions, this form of government was anathema. Warlord Oda Nobunaga (1534 - 82) remarked, They make no distinction between high and low, rich and poor... Such behavior is a mystery to me, for they go so far as to make light of rank, and have no respect for high ranking officials. He would soon bring these ninja lands to heel. Nobunaga embarked on a campaign to reunify central Japan under his authority. Although he did not live to see it, his efforts began the process that would end the Sengoku, and usher in 250 years of peace under the Tokugawa Shogunate. Nobunaga sent his son, Oda Nobuo, to take over the province of Ise in 1576. The former daimyos family, the Kitabatakes, rose up, but Nobuas army crushed them. The surviving Kitabatake family members sought refuge in Iga with one of the Oda clans major foes, the Mori clan. Oda Nobuo Humiliated Nobuo decided to deal with the Mori/Kitabatake threat by seizing Iga Province. He first took Maruyama Castle early in 1579 and began to fortify it; however, the Iga officials knew exactly what he was doing, because many of their ninja had taken construction jobs at the castle. Armed with this intelligence, the Iga commanders attacked Maruyama one night and burned it to the ground. Humiliated and furious, Oda Nobuo decided to attack Iga immediately in an all-out assault. His ten to twelve thousand warriors launched a three-pronged attack over the major mountain passes in eastern Iga in September 1579. They converged on Iseji village, where the 4,000 to 5,000 Iga warriors lay in wait. As soon as Nobuos forces had entered the valley, Iga fighters attacked from the front, while other forces cut off the passes to block the Oda armys retreat. From the cover, the Iga ninja shot Nobuos warriors with firearms and bows, then closed to finish them off with swords and spears. Fog and rain descended, leaving the Oda samurai bewildered. Nobuos army disintegrated - some killed by friendly fire, some committing seppuku, and thousands falling to the Iga forces. As historian Stephen Turnbull points out, this was one of the most dramatic triumphs of unconventional warfare over traditional samurai tactics in the whole of Japanese history. Oda Nobuo escaped the slaughter but was roundly chastised by his father for the fiasco. Nobunaga noted that his son has failed to hire any ninja of his own to spy out the enemys position and strength. Get shinobi (ninja)... This one action alone will gain you a victory. Revenge of the Oda Clan On October 1, 1581, Oda Nobunaga led about 40,000 warriors in an attack on Iga province, which was defended by approximately 4,000 ninja and other Iga warriors. Nobunagas massive army attacked from the west, east, and north, in five separate columns. In what must have been a bitter pill for Iga to swallow, many of the Koga ninja came into the battle on Nobunagas side. Nobunaga had taken his own advice about recruiting ninja assistance. The Iga ninja army held a hill-top fort, surrounded by earthworks, and they defended it desperately. Faced with overwhelming numbers, however, the ninja surrendered their fort. Nobunagas troops unleashed a massacre on the residents of Iga, although some hundreds escaped. The ninja stronghold of Iga was crushed. Aftermath of the Iga Revolt In the aftermath, the Oda clan and later scholars called this series of encounters the Iga Revolt or the Iga No Run. Although the surviving ninja from Iga scattered across Japan, taking their knowledge and techniques with them, the defeat at Iga signaled the end of ninja independence. A number of the survivors made their way to the domain of Tokugawa Ieyasu, a rival of Nobunagas, who welcomed them. Little did they know that Ieyasu and his descendants would stamp out all opposition, and usher in a centuries-long era of peace that would make ninja skills obsolete. The Koga ninja did play a role in several later battles, including the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and the Siege of Osaka in 1614. The last known action that employed Koga ninja was the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637-38, in which ninja spies aided the shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu in putting down Christian rebels. However, the age of the democratic and independent ninja provinces ended in 1581, when Nobunaga put down the Iga Revolt. Sources Man, John. Ninja: 1,000 Years of the Shadow Warrior, New York: HarperCollins, 2013. Turnbull, Stephen. Ninja, AD 1460-1650, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003. Turnbull, Stephen. Warriors of Medieval Japan, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2011.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 47

Marketing - Essay Example By doing so, it becomes easier for the company to spread the message and brand image in an effective manner. This type of promotion is called as Above The Line Promotion. Direct marketing is one of the most widely used strategy for promoting brands and product. Apart from Above The Line strategy, Vodafone also operate direct marketing channels in which it delivers its product through direct sales agent, super call centre and tele-calling. Vodafone owns number of stores all over the world through which it sells its product directly to its customers. Stores often propose promotions, special offers and posters pertaining to point of sales in order to attract those customers which are inside the store so that they buy more. All the marketing channels mentioned above for Vodafone are integrated channels of marketing. The reason is for integrated marketing channels, there is a holistic approach to keep harmony among all the channels. In case of Vodafone, the message, brand image and marketing strategies are consistent and therefore they complement each other. Since it opts integrated marketing channel strategy, Vodafone isn’t promoting differently through any of its marketing

MBA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MBA - Essay Example To manage change is tough but the actual problem lies on the fact that there is no or little agreement regarding the factors which transforms the initiatives in organization (Metre, 2009, p. 1). There are authors who have stressed upon the fact that the main reason for failure of initiatives is due to resistance to change. Resistance to change often tends to include delays as well as cost into the change process. But resistance is also considered as useful source of information which helps in the development and learning process of the organization in a successful way. It has been proved that resistance to change is one of the key subjects in managing change in an organization (Val & Fuentes, n.d). Also with an increasing globalization, change in technology and deregulation along with a shift in the socio cultural trends, thus few would like to dispute that the most important task for the management is the leadership of managing organizational change (Todnem, 2005, p.2). Therefore in this context it becomes increasing necessary to reflect on the type, extent and change both for small and big organization in order to survive and thus sustain themselves in the changing business environment (Sengupta & Bhattacharya, 2006, p.1). Objectives The main objective in conducting the study is to find out whether change is important in the process of the development of the organization in the era of globalization. The following objectives will be discussed in order to confirm that the review of literature supports the given objectives. To determine why change is necessary The need for organizations to change and the forces of change To determine to what extent are the initiatives proposed are successful Description of the research The research on managing change in the organizations in the 21st century has been mainly taken from secondary sources especially books and other academic sources. Apart from books and academic sources some journals were also used. Mostly books wer e used because journals were not available at an ease like books. Some of the books and academic source includes, Metre, C. (2009). Deriving Value From Change Management. Griffin, R. W. (2011). Fundamentals of Management. Cengage Learning Zeffane, Rachid. (1996). Dynamics of strategic change: critical issues in fostering positive organizational change. Smith, Ian. (2005). Achieving readiness for organizational change. Key Findings The report mainly focuses on analyzing the fact that managing change is essential for organization in the 21st century in order to success and stay ahead of its competitors and achieve a competitive advantage. GE has managed to apply changes in its organization by following the process by Lewin’s notion (1947) which includes unfreezing, refreezing and movements were some of the essential components of change. The model primarily focused on the role of the leader in the process of creating change as well as communicating and crafting the vision, lead ing it and finally measuring progress of the change implemented across the dimensions of is organization. Figure 1: GE 7 step change model (Source: Metre, 2009) In addition to GE, the changes that has helped P&G reached at the top level is also been discussed (ICMR, 2004). Part B Summary of

Obesity is a problem that gives rise to more problems Essay

Obesity is a problem that gives rise to more problems - Essay Example How ever a measure commonly used by doctors to assess over weight and obesity is the body mass index (BMI). The body mass index does not measure body fat directly but is calculated by dividing a person's weight in pounds by his or her height in square inches and multiplying it by 703. As obesity has harmful consequences as mentioned earlier it is essential for individual to have routine check ups and keep a close watch on their body mass index so they can prevent them selves from becoming over weight or obese. Obesity does not occur overnight in fact it occurs slowly and steadily over time. For most people obesity is a result of an energy imbalance that is they end up taking in more calories than their body uses. But there can be many other causes as well including environmental and genetic causes. The environmental and social causes include decreased physical activity and intake of energy dense foods that are high in calories and fat and low in vitamins, minerals and proteins. The decrease in physical activity can be attributed to modern technology and a high paced life style. People would rather drive than walk, order things online than go out and shop for them, sit in front of the pc or TV than exercise and order in or go out and eat at fast food restaurants than waste their time cooking healthy food at home. Also advertising attracts consumers toward buying junk food and the fact that there are vending machines and fast food restaurants add to the temptation. Genetically obesity is ca used by hormonal imbalances such as an under active thyroid in which as the name suggests the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone, lack of the thyroid hormone slows down the body's metabolism system and consequently results in weight gain. Other causes include lack of sleep, depression, tension, stress and pregnancy cause weight gain as in all these situations people tend to eat more then usual. Also the intake of certain corticosteroids or medication for seizures results in weight gain. Ageing causes weight gain because as people age their metabolisms slow down. Also people who quit smoking gain weight as food tastes and smells better. (WIM, 2006) Obesity has serious impacts on health. Obesity can cause cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and strokes which are caused due to the build up of fatty tissues on the walls of arteries which restrict the supply of blood to the heart. Obesity can cause type 2 diabetes which is caused by high blood sugar levels and osteoarthritis which is the wearing away of the tissue that protects joints due to pressure that results from excess weight. Obesity increases the risk of colon breast gallbladder and endometrial cancers. Also obesity may cause sleep apnea in which breathing stops for short periods during sleep due to build up of fat around the neck and reproductive problems. (Kelly, 2008) Thankfully obesity is treatable it's just a matter of making healthy choices and setting do able goals. Obesity can be cured by making lifestyles alterations which include eating healthy food and staying physically active. An eating plan should be developed as to maintain an energy balance. This plan should be low in total, saturated, and trans fat; cholesterol; sodium and sugar. There fore processed foods like junk food and fast food should be avoided and replaced with fresh vegetables, fruits and meats. Also people should not indulge in over eating and aim for 60 to 90 minutes of daily moderate

What is Scotlands problem with sectarianism?

What is Scotlands problem with sectarianism? Sectarianism is a complicated concept this will be examined more in Chapter Two of this dissertation but can broadly be defined as a movement of religious protest against the social order be it state, institution or society or established religious organisation which results in voluntary separation from such environment to demonstrate the dissonance between what the group perceives as normative in matters of faith and practice and what it experiences as dominant in the social order (Hamm, 1987, p11). Even this definition may seem overly complicated at first glance, but it serves as a good starting point within the context of this dissertation and also succeeds in highlighting the precise nature of the term that will be discussed more in the following chapter. In Scotland, sectarianism has been a problem since Protestantism emerged as a religion in the fifteenth century and was later adopted by Scotland at the time a predominantly Catholic country as its national religion in 1560 . Since then there has been tensions between the two religions which has often resulted in sectarian attitudes. Today, sectarianism is currently described by the mainstream media as shameful fact of Scottish life for generations (Millie, 2009, p224). In 1999, at the Edinburgh festival the problem and its extent were exposed by Scottish composer James Macmillan during a widely reported speech in which he stated: In many walks of life in the workplace, in the professions, in academia, in the media, in politics and in sport anti-Catholicism, even when it is not particularly malign, is as endemic as it is second nature (From Bruce, 2004, p1) Sectarianism and the problems associated with have also been intrinsically linked with one of the biggest football rivalries in the country in its biggest city Glasgow between opposing fans of the two teams Rangers and Celtic. Andrew Millie (p227) reinforces this opinion, stating that: Football in Scotland, and particularly the Old Firm institutions of Glasgow Celtic and Glasgow Rangers and the matches between them are inherently defined within the sectarianism problem in Scottish society, mirroring the connection between urban disorder and largely white working class populations that characterises the discourses around the Respect and anti-social behaviour agendas However, despite the writings of authors such as Mille and the claims of Macmillan and other notable and respected sources such as award winning BBC documentary series Panorama -there has been a significant backlash to the idea that sectarianism dominates Scottish society as the media has portrayed it, pioneered largely by Steve Bruce in direct reaction to Macmillans speech. Bruce (pvii) prefaces his seminal text Sectarianism in Scotland with the following message confirming this attitude: This book was born out of the frustration with the dreadful quality of public debate over the importance of religious identity in modern Scotland. James Macmillan is a Catholic and he may be an excellent composer but neither of these facts mean that his views about the salience of sectarianism are well founded; yet, when he delivered his famous August 1999 speech, his claims that Catholics were still victims of serious discrimination were given enormous prominence in the mass media This dissertation aims to investigate the importance of sectarianism in modern Scotland examining differing viewpoints such as those presented by Bruce and Macmillan with particular focus on its importance in the footballing rivalry between Glasgow Rangers and Glasgow Celtic (which from now on will simply be referred to as Rangers and Celtic respectively). The dissertation will attempt to answer the following research questions: Would the Old Firm have the support that they do if it were not for an element of sectarianism between the two clubs? How important is the rivalry between the Old Firm to both sets of fans? Is sectarianism in Scotland a result of the Old Firm? Or is the rivalry between the Old Firm simply an outlet for tensions that run deeper through Scottish society? Is age a factor in sectarianism in football? i.e. do younger people (ages 16-20 for example) understand the religious overtones of the rivalry or do they just sing songs and repeat slurs they have heard elsewhere (usually from relatives) to fit in with older supporters who they admire? What is the psychology behind the prominence of sectarianism within the Old Firm? Is it the desire to belong to something, and similar to gang mentality in that respect? In order to answer these questions, the dissertation will undertake a variety of different research from primary and secondary sources. Following Macmillans infamous 1999 speech, the topic of sectarianism has come under intense scrutiny from a variety of academic disciplines such as politics, psychology, theology, and sociology and aspects from each of these fields will be utilised in order to help answer the research questions posed by this dissertation. Key to the dissertation will be writings from authors such as Bruce, Millie, Hamm and McDougal and their theories, thoughts and discourse will underline the basis for the development of research techniques, and these writings will be discussed at length in the literature review chapter which follows this one. The ideas will also establish the theoretical framework in which the investigation will be conducted. Both primary sources such as James Macmillans speech, government documents and the Panorama documentary on the topic and se condary sources such as the texts of Bruce and Millie will be used to establish the The main primary data collected for the investigation in order to answer the research question will be obtained from questionnaires submitted to and semi-structured interviews undertaken with members of each section of the Old Firms rivals. The questionnaires will be designed with the intention of obtaining a large amount of data from each of its subjects e.g. ethnic backgrounds, genders, religious practices and nationalities and therefore hopefully determine the characteristics of those more likely to hold sectarian values than others and the extent that it is prevalent within the two sets of supporters. It is also hoped that other Scottish football fans of different teams may be interviewed in order to gauge their feelings on the subject of the Old Firm and to see if the sectarian feelings are prevalent in football in other areas of the country or whether it is solely consigned to the city of Glasgow. Specifically another huge local derby a local derby is defined by Llamas and Wat t (p224) as a fiercely contested match between local derbies which calls forth deep emotions within supporters of both clubs (Ross, 1999, p42) between Hearts and Hibernian in Edinburgh will be examined to determine if sectarian attitudes dominate that fixture in addition to the Glasgow derby games. Finally, it may be useful to interview a psychologist to determine the characteristics associated with those people who may be associated with organisations such as the Glasgow Old Firm, in order to compare this model sectarian with the data collected from the questionnaires in an attempt to determine the true characteristics of sectarianism in modern Scotland. The dissertation will consist of six chapters. The first chapter (this one) will present an overview and introduction to the subject and propose the research questions which will be investigated during the course of the dissertation; the second chapter will consist of a literature review which will examine important theories regarding the subject; the third chapter will discuss the methodology utilised in order to attempt to answer the research questions posed in the first chapter; the fourth chapter will present the results of the of the research methodology; the fifth chapter will analyse and discuss the implications of the results and seek to determine the answers to the proposed research questions whilst the sixth and final chapter will serve the role of a conclusion chapter, discussing the results, conclusions and methodology incorporated in the dissertation, as well as any potential limitations, improvements and ideas for further study that could perhaps be investigated in the future to further corroborate the results. The next chapter will present a literature review of the topics associated with the dissertation from which the investigation will develop its theoretical framework. It seeks to examine what previous authors and academics have written about the subject and apply this knowledge to this study. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter aims to examine what previous authors have had to say on the subject of sectarianism within Scotland and the Old Firm rivalry with the aim of basing the research model employed in this dissertation within the work on the subject that has already been completed. Research is built on the foundations of the work and findings of earlier researchers and writers in the field, so it is critical to the success of this dissertation that the theories and conventions surrounding the subject matter are fully understood and utilised to create a framework for this dissertation to work within. The general concept of sectarianism will be examined and defined briefly and then the general history of the social movement within Scotland will be looked at, before finally the more specific nature of the movement within football rivalries and the Glaswegian Old Firm mentality will be studied. This final section will form the bulk of the literature review. The majority of the literature review will focus on secondary sources i.e. texts written about the subject from prominent authors associated with it, but primary sources, such as James Macmillans speech and government documents from organisations such as the Scottish Executive, will also be referred to. It is hoped that this review will enable the dissertation to begin its data collection with a complete understanding of the problem and the concepts associated with it. It is first essential to obtain a good grasp of the term sectarianism and to understand the complications associated with it and to develop a definition for use in this dissertation. Hamm (1987, p11) argues that sectarianism has two separate meanings dependent upon whether the term is being used in a sociological or non-sociological discussion. He argues that in a non-sociological context, the term can have pejorative overtones which adherents of such a religious group do not find complimentary and can also denote a type of warfare among religious groups because of their differences. It also refers to esoteric religious beliefs that the established religion would frown upon whilst implying a querulous attitude of intolerance resulting in secession from a larger religious body. Hamm continues (p12) by explaining that the term has a slightly different meaning when used in the sociological sense and that in this context it refers to a particular type of religious organisation that stand s in protest with the idea of dissent as its main notion. He finishes his discussion of the term by offering his definition of it which begins this dissertation and will not be repeated here due to its length which even in its finality still displays the complicated nature of the term. As our study is clearly viewing the term from a sociological standpoint due to the analysis of the footballing rivalry, it is perhaps better to use the ideas from this definition as the basis for the one used in our study. This can be combined with the definitions of other thinkers on and organisations concerned with the subject to devise a suitable term explanation. The Scottish Executive (2006, p5) defines a sectarian in alignment with the Oxford English dictionary (and also notes that it is a very complicated idea) as someone who adheres in a bigoted or narrow minded fashion to a sect or body of persons who have agreed upon particular religious doctrines or practices. Bruce (p4) defines sectarianism as a widespread culture of improperly treating people because of their religion and also states (p5) that within the local context of Britain it normally refers to relations between Protestants and Catholics. A government study on the issue of sectarianism in Glasgow (NFO Social Research, 2003, p5) stated that the term is a pejorative term to describe division bigotry, and discrimination based upon religion, which within the context of Glasgow refers to the conflict between Catholics and Protestants. These are all recent definitions of the term associated with the problem discussed in this dissertation so it makes sense to utilise the definition pr ovided by the NFO Social Research which amalgamates the main points from the other two and is very relevant to this study. It is important to remember though, as per Hamms description of the term, that the reality of the concept is not as simple as this basic definition and its connotations can be a lot more far reaching than those definitions discussed here pertaining specifically to Scotland and the problems surrounding the issue within the country. The problem has been particularly huge in Scotland and in particular Glasgow, with the national television programme Panorama casually stating in 2005 that sectarianism and religious bigotry have long been accepted as part of a way of life in Scotland. The fact that the issue is covered on the national medias flagship documentary programme illustrates the extent of the problem and how large it has become. Before examining the specifics of how sectarianism is rooted in the footballing rivalry of the city, it is first important to understand its origins and development; this will then hopefully aid in discovering an explanation for why it has become so entrenched in and associated with the Old Firm. As mentioned in the introduction, the problem has its origins in the sixteenth century and Scotlands adoption of Protestantism as its national religion despite the majority of the population being of the Catholic persuasion. Sectarian tensions really developed in the 19th century though as a result of the immigration of those who fled Ireland (a traditionally Catholic country) and sought to live and work in Ireland (History of Sectarianism, 2010). Growing urban cities and industries in Scotland offered those Irish with few prospects in wake of the famine a chance to work and provide money for their family and so there was a mass influx during this period. As occurs with many mass displacements of population from a homeland into a new environment, social tensions between the now dominant Protestant demographic and the incoming Irish Catholic population began to emerge and this resulted in the emergence of pockets of Irish populated area. Of particular importance to this study was the manifestation of an Irish diaspora in the poor East End of Glasgow. This led to increased tensions within the city as the Irish and Scottish clashed over job and housing opportunities and it was these pressures that led to the initial development of sectarian attitudes in Glasgow and the rest of Scotland, albeit mainly concentrated in Glasgow. Tensions were at their worst during the inter-war years of 1918 1939 and were exemplified by the existence of a national depression with huge levels of unemployment and fierce competition inflaming an already volatile situation (20th Century Scotland, 2001). This led to ruthless discrimination with sectarian overtones in the labour market, with Orange and Masonic lodges often discriminating against Catholic workers in favour of their Protestant counterparts. This was actively encouraged by the Protestant church within Scotland too. The divide between the two religions spread to become apparent in all aspects of life, with children often attending separate schools based upon religion, different religions lived in different parts of the city, and of course the emergence of the two separate football teams within the city and the great rivalry associated with this. Although the sectarian element has declined since this peak period, it is still perceived as having a major influence on Sc ottish society, as can be seen by the impact of James Macmillans speech and the discourse on the subject it has spurred. Now that a basic understanding of the sectarian problem in Scotland has been achieved it is now necessary to look at the specifics of the concept within the framework of the Old Firm rivalry. Celtic football club was founded in 1888 as a direct focal point for the Irish Catholic immigrant community that had established itself in Glasgows east end (History of Sectarianism) by Brother Walfrid, and even at this early point the rivalry was intense with Walfrid stating his main intention with the foundation of the club was to keep the poor free from the temptations of Protestant soup kitchens and to provide a leisure activity that would save them from apostasy (Armstrong Giullianotti, 2001, p24). Following this declaration of religious intent from the newly formed club and its rapid success in the league Celtic won four league championships over the period 1893-8 Rangers took it upon themselves to become the home grown team to challenge most keenly and successfully the Irishmen of Celt ic. Home grown meant Protestant just as Irish was synonymous with Catholic (Armstrong and Giullianotti, p24). From this point the rivalry between the two clubs progressed alongside their successes and failures, as did the sectarian attitudes associated with both sets of supporters. In the early 1900s, Catholic players began to be asked to leave Rangers upon disclosing their religion, and it was around 1912 that the famous Rangers club policy of not signing Catholic players began to be enforced. Bad blood between the two clubs as a result of sectarian attitudes was registered as early as 1896, but Armstrong and Giullianotti (p25) argue that it was encouraged by management as sectarianism and its accompanying violence was a crowd puller. The anti-Catholic policy was enforced up until the 1980s and meant that Rangers missed out on great players such as Kenny Dalglish and Jim Leighton because of their stubbornness, although they finally relented on the policy when signing Mo Johnston in 1989. Tensions between the two sets of supporters and Protestants and Catholics in general had cooled since their peak during the inter war years too. However, there is still some element of sectarianism present in the support of both teams. It is often cited that sectarian attitudes within the Old Firm are not as extreme as they once were but Callum G. Brown (1997 p196) observes that Scottish national identity has never fully integrated Catholic and Protestant, even in the late twentieth century there is evidence of a religious based ethnic division which confounds a common identity. Brown continues (p198) by stating that Rangers fans tend to identify with Britain and its symbols (such as the union flag) as an act of solidarity with Northern Ireland loyalists; whereas Celtic supporters associate poorly with British symbols of identity and relate strongly with the Irish Republic. This is illustrative of the divide that exists between the two sets of supporters and that there is still a problem between the two. Horne (1995, p10) back this view up, questioning how much meaning there is to the term sectarian in a society with widespread social and cultural interaction and a great deal of intermarriage. However, he does impo rtantly note that Sectarianism is ritualistically conveyed in some football fanzines and football fans still sing sectarian songs and display different symbols of allegiance, but without it being of major significance to the rest of Scotland. It is further reinforced by the history of sectarianism which states that the historical links of some clubs and the traditional ethnic and religious makeup of their supporters have led to them being held as symbols of religious, cultural and political beliefs. Supporters often use chants, songs or banners on match days to express abuse or support towards the Catholic or Protestant faiths or to promote their support for Northern Irish based terrorist groups such as the IRA and UVF. This clearly adds an extra sectarian dimension to the nature of the rivalry that exists between the two sides of the Old Firm; even despite comments that it is not now as fierce as it has been in the past there is clearly still an element of sectarianism involved in the support of each club. The question this dissertation needs to answer though is how inherent and important this is to the supporters of each club. Recent research into the subject is available, due in part to James Macmillans recent speech which served to draw attention to these divisions and provoke discourse on it amongst academic communities. A NFO social research study commissioned in 2003 as a direct result of James Macmillans comments at the Edinburgh festival over the issue of sectarianism within football is perhaps a good starting point for examining the facts regarding the issue in modern Scotland. Essentially, the study found (NFO Social Research, 2003, p57) that the residents of Glasgow felt that sectarianism was still relatively common within the city, and that this mainly took the form of making sectarian jokes with friends, using sectarian terms to describe people, sectarian vandalism, violence, threats and intimidation or harassment were either very or quite common in Glasgow with 66% stating that they felt that sectarian violence occurred regularly within the city. However, interestingly, when questioned about whether they had been a victim of a sectarian attack in the past five years, less than 1% of respondents claimed that they had. The difference between the perception and the reality of the situation can clearly be seen here. This is a viewpoint that is backed up by Bruce (pvii) who states that a number of violent attacks in Glasgow are misreported as sectarian violence due to the medias current obsession with it. Again, this brings into debate the question of how serious the sectarian problem is in Glasgow, and also what specifically defines sectarianism and whether or not it needs to be extreme in its nature to be classified as sectarianism. The Scottish Executive (p5) expands upon this question by stating that within football, it is the actions and words of individuals rather than their beliefs as such that people should be concerned with. This is an important sentence, as it exemplifies the fact that perhaps people who participate in sectarianism within football are not always serious sectarians themselves but are often simply caught up in the atmosphere and gang mentality of the supporters and footballing legacy that they find themselves immersed in as a supporter. The history of sectarianism reinforces this view and the dangers that can be associated with the allowance of so-called casual racism by stating that offensive sectarian language is still used in Scotland on a daily basis with abusive terms such as Hun and Orange bastard being used negatively against Protestants (or those perceived to be) and others such as Fenian and Tim used negatively against Catholics (or those perceived to be). This reinforces religious and racial stereotypes as well as fuelling the divisions and conflict between the denominations and people of no religious denomination. Children commonly use words without any knowledge of their meaning, but with an understanding that these words are a means by which to insult others. The dissertation will attempt to determine the extent of this actual sectarianism during the data collection section of the dissertation and the questionnaire will be designed specifically with this as one of the goals in mind. Liam McDougal (2006) highlights the problems that are associated with defining sectarianism and how this can be applied to the Glaswegian example of the Old Firm in his 2006 article which challenges many of the assumptions made by First Minister at the time Jack McConnell in his high profile attempt to eradicate Scotlands shame of bigotry through an extended awareness campaign. In his article, he states that many supporters of both Rangers and Celtic feel that sectarianism has been all but eradicated within the rivalry and that language highlighted by the government as bigoted is often used regularly in the workplace or other areas of socialising and that it was merely seen as a joke, banter or harmless fun. McDougal cites the example of being called a Fernian or Proddy bastard by colleagues or using the terms themselves was accepted as simply being a Rangers or Celtic fan. He expands upon this by stating that fans view songs such as Billy Boys, the Fields of Athenry and the Sash so ngs traditionally sung by Rangers fans that have been criticised by UEFA and the Scottish Executive for being sectarian are not viewed by either set of supporters as sectarian: people are not bigots because they are singing a certain song they are simply singing along to the song. Critically, McDougal explains that the Executive and UEFA were not being specific enough in their criticism of sectarianism and essentially allowing fans to make their own minds up as to what constituted being sectarian or not hence their decision to decide that many of their songs were not actually sectarian. This highlights the confusion associated with the term again, and this is a factor that the dissertation needs to be aware of when conducting and constructing its questionnaires and analysis, as one persons sectarianism can quite clearly be labelled another mans harmless fun. This can perhaps be accounted for by the inclusion of questionnaires to other football fans asking their feelings on the Old Firm, and through semi structured interviews with psychologist and members of the Old Firm and other football supporters associations. This will be discussed more during the methodology chapter of the dissertation. Another important aspect of his article that is particularly importa nt to this dissertation is the idea that sectarianism is actually not that prevalent in the Old Firm rivalry anymore again this is an idea that will need to be implemented in the design of the questionnaires that will be distributed during the course of this investigation. Promisingly though, McDougals findings were from a study similar to this dissertation in which fans from both sides of the Old Firm were questioned about their views towards sectarianism by University of Edinburgh fellow Dr. Chris McVittie and the success of that research and the NFO social research paper implies that there will be hopefully be similar level of achievement from this study as it will be based on a similar methodology. The insights into footballing mentality and the statistics associated with both sets of supporters are probably the most useful and interesting part of the NFO social research paper in relation to this dissertation though. The statistics (p10) reinforce the stereotypes about each group of supporters, with 74% of those who support Celtic claiming to be Catholic and 67% of those that support Rangers claiming to be Protestant. Again, even if sectarianism is not as prevalent as it once was, these statistics clearly encapsulate that religion still plays a huge part in the Old Firm derby. However, more interesting are some of the comments that emerged from semi-structured interviews with those questioned such as: A lot of violence kicks off because of sectarianism yet a lot of people dont even know what its about! They are just into it for Celtic,Rangers (p11), and It has nothing to do with Catholics and Protestants, its the new religion of Celtic and Rangers (p10). This was later summaris ed in the studies closing arguments by the line: for some the role of football has become so significant that it was actually felt to have replaced religion as the source and focus of sectarian attitudes and behaviour (p56). This idea is further exemplified by the Scottish Executive (p5) who state that the problems of sectarianism exist within the divide between club supporters claiming to be attached to the Protestant and Catholic groups. Again, the use of the word claiming suggests that the sectarianism aspect of the divide is often only implemented as an excuse by those supporters who seek to participate in violence and/or slurs. This is an important aspect of this dissertation and one that will attempt to be examined thoroughly through its course. Importantly, the NFO survey also found that there was no consensus on whether football violence is essentially sectarian in nature, or just simply reminiscent of mindless football hooliganism that exists everywhere. Another important i nterview quote was that the real problem is not sectarianism, but drink. These are both important ideas that need to be examined and discussed during the course of this dissertation. This literature review has enabled the study to gain an insight into the history and complications of the term sectarianism, the application of it in Scotland and to the Old Firm, the complications of the term and its application to the Old Firm in modern Scotland and most importantly to lay the foundations for its own data collection methodology through the examination of previous studies and key theories regarding the topic. The next chapter will now discuss the methodology employed for this dissertations data collection. CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY This chapter seeks to discuss and explain the research and data collection methods employed in this dissertation in order to answer the research questions posed in the introductory chapter. It also attempts to provide justification for the methodology used this is important as it gives the findings and recommendations of the dissertation validity and reliability, which are necessary for it be taken seriously in the academic domain. The chapter also discusses the sampling techniques used in the research, the research instruments that were used, the research process, the administration of questionnaires, how data was analysed and what was done to ensure its validity and reliability. The chapter also presents the limitations of the study. First, it is necessary to decide upon a course of research design. Research design illustrates how the data collection has been planned. Essentially, there are two types of research: qualitative and quantitative. This dissertation intends to utilise the questionnaire as the main form of investigative technique in its methodology. The literature review previously conducted in the last chapter will serve as the basis of knowledge relating to the data collection and construction of the questionnaire and the areas of sectarianism that need to be investigated. The questionnaire was chosen as the method of data collection as it was decided that

Events that Effected Slavery :: American America History

Introduction "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" (Thomas Jefferson). The only problem with this passage from the Declaration of Independence is that it does not say, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and Negroes are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" Thomas Jefferson's words were not correct. Not all men were created equal and these men were slaves. Slavery has existed throughout the United States for centuries before the present day. This was the most inhumane treatment any man could go through. The following report will express the impact of slavery on the history of the united states of America. The Earliest Slaves in America In the summer of 1619 a 160-ton ship from the Port of Flushing in Holland sailed into the Chesapeake Bay. The Dutch ship was under the command of Captain Jope and piloted by an English man named Marmaduke Raynor. In exchange for supplies Jope sold more than 20 Negroes to the local authorities in the English colony of Virginia. These blacks came ashore 12 years after the founding of Jamestown. At first the Virginians liked white indentured persons who knew their language and their ways, compared to the newly arrived black slaves. Over time though, the black servants grew accustomed to the environment and were better than the white indentured servants. The colonists didn't approve, but because of the need for laborers for Tobacco the acceptance grew. Slavery grows from demand of cotton The Revolutionary War won for the Americans a large stretch of wilderness between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. After 1800 settlers began to clear and plant on the land. Many of these settlers brought slaves with them. One of the crops which they planted was cotton. When the slaves had to pick the cotton it would prick them and slow the picking down tremendously. Then a man named Eli Whitney invented a machine called the Cotton Gin. The Cotton Gin cleaned the short sticky fibers of the upland cotton. Metal teeth simply pulled the fibers from the seeds. The invention of this machine made the cotton economy soar. Events that Effected Slavery :: American America History Introduction "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" (Thomas Jefferson). The only problem with this passage from the Declaration of Independence is that it does not say, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and Negroes are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" Thomas Jefferson's words were not correct. Not all men were created equal and these men were slaves. Slavery has existed throughout the United States for centuries before the present day. This was the most inhumane treatment any man could go through. The following report will express the impact of slavery on the history of the united states of America. The Earliest Slaves in America In the summer of 1619 a 160-ton ship from the Port of Flushing in Holland sailed into the Chesapeake Bay. The Dutch ship was under the command of Captain Jope and piloted by an English man named Marmaduke Raynor. In exchange for supplies Jope sold more than 20 Negroes to the local authorities in the English colony of Virginia. These blacks came ashore 12 years after the founding of Jamestown. At first the Virginians liked white indentured persons who knew their language and their ways, compared to the newly arrived black slaves. Over time though, the black servants grew accustomed to the environment and were better than the white indentured servants. The colonists didn't approve, but because of the need for laborers for Tobacco the acceptance grew. Slavery grows from demand of cotton The Revolutionary War won for the Americans a large stretch of wilderness between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. After 1800 settlers began to clear and plant on the land. Many of these settlers brought slaves with them. One of the crops which they planted was cotton. When the slaves had to pick the cotton it would prick them and slow the picking down tremendously. Then a man named Eli Whitney invented a machine called the Cotton Gin. The Cotton Gin cleaned the short sticky fibers of the upland cotton. Metal teeth simply pulled the fibers from the seeds. The invention of this machine made the cotton economy soar.

Importance Of Sociology As A Field Of Study Essay

Sociology as a field of study attempts to explain the relationship between an individual and society. Sociological theories are a tool used to explain sociological problems and social structures. (Blumer, 1969) Societies can be viewed as organic structures. This was first explained by Parsons and Durkheim as they developed structural theories. These theories can be applied in education i. e. how students view education. Societies can also be viewed as economic structures. Under this concept, falls the conflict theory developed by Carl Marx. Marx looked at a number of theories that attempt to explain how people’s lives are shaped by social structures. Other theories that share a similar perspective are the functionalist theories. Societies can also be looked as social action. This implies that society shapes how people view themselves. In line with this perspective, sociologists came up with the idea of symbolic interactionism. There are also other ideas that go hand in hand with this idea i. e. GH mead. Lastly, one must apply all the sociological theories stated above and many others that have not been mentioned. For example one can consider Medicalisation of society’s problems. This can be explained by a number of sociological theories like: Marx’s theories, interactionist theories and Durkheiman’ theories. Importance of sociology as a field of study Conflict theory Sociology assists in explaining social change. It helps us to understand what the role of the individual is in changing society. This is best explained by the Conflict theory. This theory does not have only one name connoted to it although the founder of the theory was Karl Marx. There are various regions in the world where sociologists elaborated on this theory. Some of these sociologists are; †¢ Ralf Dahrendorf – Germany †¢ Ludwig Gumpolvicz – Germany †¢ Lewis Coser and Collins – USA †¢ Max Gluchman and Rex – UK (Garfinkel, 1967) The conflict theory’s main idea is that there exists a constant struggle in society and every entity in society is trying to make the most of their reimbursement consequently bringing about social change. This change can come in form of revolutions or it may be political. It focuses on coercion by groups and individuals to alter or control others’ actions. The theory helps us to understand why ideologies like socialism and capitalism. There is a constant struggle within society for paybacks. This theory can be viewed from two angles. The first angle is a radical one; society will forever in conflict while the second angle is that conflict combines with struggle to make up society. This moderate angle is best explained by the functionalism. The latter mentioned theory postulates that every member of society has a specific role to play. Conflict theory can best be perceived as a pyramid. Influential people are at the top and they impose their will upon less powerful people who happen to be the majority. This implies that people in power are taken to be superior and they are the ones responsible for modern day laws, institutions and traditions. This theory can be stretched to explain how morality or deviance is defined. The powerful individuals in society label deeds or actions as immoral if those actions challenge their influence and power. Conflict theory also attempts to explain stratification in society but from an individualistic point of view. It looks at individuals needs instead of society’s needs as a whole. Every individual tries to struggle for respect, goods and services as well as power; these e all very scarce. In this light therefore, individuals belong to organisations that represent their own interests. The theory views organisations as entities that are mostly influenced by external rather than internal factors. (Goffman, 1958) In the theory, there are a number of conflicts that fall under. These include; †¢ Class †¢ Race and ethnicity †¢ Gender †¢ Religion Marx believed that class conflict was caused by differential ownership of property. However, this theory was later challenged by other sociologists who believed that there is more to class than property ownership. These sociologists believe that this is only one aspect. Racial conflict has its root cause in differential power. According to the theory, superior races are those one who are well endowed with power, prestige and education. There are four basic assumptions in this theory. The first is that there is inequality in society’s structures, secondly there is revolution as a result of struggle between a numbers of social classes, thirdly there is competition for resources and lastly war exists to unify or divide society. Conflict can take the form of a strike where workers struggle to gain back control after it has been taken from them by their employers. Another form of a conflict could be through wars. Wars usually represent clashes between social classes. Taking the case of military coups, this is an example of a conflict between the main population and the military. (Durkheim, 1915) Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology is the study of how people interpret their social world. This theory has its history back in the mid twentieth century and was founded by Garfinkel who was an American sociologist. The theory is quite different form other well known theories. This theory is founded on the fact that there is no order in society; society is chaotic or has the potential to be chaotic. According to the theory, any semblance of order is created by the minds of actors within society it simply does not exist. This is in sharp contrast to other well known theories. Social order may be defined as the systematic pattern of behaviour within society. It opposes the fact that actions are not thought out and are simply haphazard. Ethnomethodologists believe that individuals encounter several experiences in their lives. These individuals try to make sense of these encounters by placing them into a form of organised system. They believe in a documentary method. Here, individuals simply pick out certain events within a social situation and try to make sense of them. After they have organised those events into a pattern, then they use that pattern as a template to explain other situations that may arise. Garnfinkel used an experiment to demonstrate this theory. He got a number of students and instructed them to ask a supervisor about a number of issues on their mind. The students could not see the advisor but could talk to him. They asked him a number of questions and this advisor could only say yes or no. What the students did not know was the advisor was reading out a list of responses that did not match their questions in any way. It was found that most of the responses did not make logical sense but most of the students tried to interpret them nonetheless. They did not question the integrity of the advisor but they tried to compare past responses with present ones in order to come up with an orderly pattern. For example one of the students thought that he should quit school and asked the advisor this. The advisor told him ‘no’ and out of disbelief the student repeated this same question after which the advisor said ‘yes’. It was found that this particular student did not dismiss the advisor but tried to make sense of the situation. According to the theory, the students were trying to form sense out of senselessness. They were trying to turn chaos into order. Garfinkel introduces the idea of indexicality. This means that human beings have a tendency to index things that occur to them i. e. they always try to put things within a certain social context. They must relate it to other things that have occurred to them before or during a particular scene. For example, the interaction that took place between the students and the advisor followed a certain path because the students held the advisor in high esteem. This implies that if the student could see what was happening with the advisor behind the screen that had covered him, or if their classmates asked answered their questions, then their reactions would have been totally different. This is because the students would simply have formed another documentary. People who adhere to this theory believe that all human beings have preconceived notions about their daily lives. This means that if a sudden change was brought into someone’s life their reactions are quite different. This is justified by the fact that it would be very chaotic if we looked at things differently at all times. We must become familiar with some aspects of our lives so as to be able to Symbolic interactionism This theory has its history in the late nineteenth century. It was pioneered by a sociologist from Germany called Marx Weber. The theory is best known for its subjectivity rather than its objectivity. Interactionists focus on individuals rather than on society as a whole. They perceive human beings as creatures whose behaviours are reactive or subject to the approval of others. This is because all actions, according to them, are like symbolic actions which are interpreted differently according to one’s perspective. This theory also looks at human beings as symbolic objects who can think and react to situations. This means that individuals within a society are active participants of their society. They determine what happens to them. Sociologists adhering to this theory believe that we are not passive entities who must mould themselves to society’s rules and standards. This theory focuses on external issues and simple interactions. It cannot be used to interpret deeper social settings like capitalism. It is also quite crucial to note that this theory perceives society’s norms as transient and constantly changing. Stability and order in society is determined by negotiations. The systems themselves are not stable but the means by which these systems in society are created is stable. (Merton, 1968) The theory therefore points one on the direction of roles played by people in society. The theory places importance in role making and role taking. This means that individuals must put themselves in a certain perspective in order to understand another person’s point of view. Studies on interactionism are therefore done through active role taking. This is because they believe that one must interact thoroughly with another party in order to understand the reason why they made their decision. However critics have claimed that the theory is too narrow and cannot be applied to macro situations. It has also been criticised for its impressionism during research methods. (George, 1964) Functionalism The theory was pioneered by a French sociologist called Emile Durkheim back in the mid to late nineteenth century. This theory compares the individual with his/her society and also scientific method of analysing society. This implies that one can be able to study the social world using observation and analysis. It also assumes that studies of society can be done freely and without any bias. Another crucial aspect of the theory is the organic aspect of society. It compares society to an organism. That there are various parts of the body that each has their own function. This is analogous to society and its members. It is also important to note the homeostatic nature of interactions. This theory looks at society as a system that must remain in equilibrium. Any deviation from this is corrected by a number of mechanisms like gossip or even imprisonment depending on the scenario. Conclusion Interactionists believe that social order is continuously remade as people interact. Social order is not static and changes with time. Functionalists believe that order within society exists as a result of an agreement between members of society. That is collective behavioural patterns that are regarded as the norm in society. Again, the theory strongly affirms that social order does exist. Marxists believe that social order is created from a struggle to gain control of limited resources while ethnomethodologists mould situations to fit into a certain behavioural pattern. All these theories attempt to explain why human beings behave the way the do either as individuals or as a group on a macro scale. This is the essence of sociology.

Ideas for Engineering Science Fair Projects

Ideas for Engineering Science Fair Projects Engineering science fair projects can involve designing, building, analyzing, modeling, or improving a device. You can also test or create materials. Here are some specific ideas for engineering science fair projects. What is the best material to put in a sandbag to block water, such as during a flood?How tall can you build a tower using only a sheet of ​paper? You can cut it, fold it, crumple it, but only use that single material. What works best?Compare the characteristics of a structure that is made using different materials. You can compare strength, corrosion resistance, and elasticity. Be creative. The trick is to make certain your measurements are truly comparable to each other.What can you do with a swim cap to optimize its ability to decrease drag in water? Can you alter the shape? Does one material work substantially better than another?Which type of paper towel absorbs the most water? Which brand absorbs the most oil? Are they the same brand?What differences do you note in the ability of different soils to support a structure?What type of paper airplane flies the furthest and stays aloft the longest?How can you map a magnetic field? Can you construct a device, using iron filings, that can be reused for field mapping? Construct a Lego building. Now try to make the same building on an incline, such as a 30-degree slope. What changes do you need to make in order to make it stable?How does a change in the construction of a parachute affect flight? Parameters you could examine include size, shape, material, and/or method of attachment.

How to Advertise an Event in College

How to Advertise an Event in College College campuses are legendary for the high number of programs that take place on campus every day. Whether its an internationally acclaimed speaker or a local film screening, theres nearly always something happening on campus. If youre the one planning an event, however, you know that getting people to come can be as much of a challenge as coordinating the program itself. So just how can you advertise your event in a way that inspires people to attend? Answer the Basics: Who, What, When, Where, and Why You could spend hours painting a poster advertising your event ... but if you forget to write down what date the program is, youll feel like a chump. Consequently, make sure the basic information is available on each and every piece of advertising you put out. Who is going to be at the event, and who is sponsoring it (or otherwise putting it on)? What will happen at the event, and what can attendees expect? When is the event? (Side note: Its helpful to write both the day and the date. Writing Tuesday, October 6th can make sure everyone is clear about when the event is happening.) How long will it last? Where is the event? Do people need to RSVP or buy tickets in advance? If so, how and where? And most important, why will people want to attend? What will they learn/experience/take away/gain from going? What will they miss out on if they dont go? Know the Best Places to Advertise Is social media big on your campus? Do people read emails announcing events or just delete them? Is the newspaper a good place to put an ad? Will a poster in the quad catch peoples attention, or will it just get lost amidst a sea of butcher paper? Know what will stand out on your campus and get creative. Know Your Audience If youre advertising something thats, for example, political in nature, make sure you reach out to people on campus who are more likely to be politically involved or interested. When youre planning a political event, posting a flyer in the politics department might be a particularly smart idea even if youre not posting flyers in any other academic department. Go to meetings of student clubs and talk to other student leaders to promote your program, too, so that you can personally get the word out and answer any questions people might have. Advertise Food if Youre Going to Have it Available Its no secret that providing food at a college event can drastically increase attendance. Having food, of course, can be a definite draw but it isnt an absolute necessity. If you are providing food, make sure its done in a way that encourages people to stay for the whole event and not just sneak in and grab a slice of pizza from the back of the room. You want event attendees, after all, not just moochers. Find Other Student Groups to Cosponsor Your Event Theres a pretty direct correlation between the number of people who know about your program and the number of people who show up. Consequently, if you can work with other student groups in the planning, you can outreach directly to each groups members. On many campuses, too, cosponsorship can lead to increased funding opportunities meaning youll have more resources to promote and advertise your event. Let Your Professors Know While it can be scary to figure out how to talk to your professors, its usually just fine once you try it. Remember: Faculty members were college students at one point, too! Theyll likely find your program interesting and may even advertise it in their other classes. They can also mention it to other professors and help get the word around. Let Administrators Know The hall director in your residence hall may know you by name, but she may not know that youre super involved in a certain club and planning a major event next week. Drop by and let her know whats going on so she can let other residents know when she interacts with them, too. You likely interact with lots of administrators throughout the day; feel free to promote your program to them (and anyone else who will listen) as much as possible!

Autism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Autism - Essay Example Early or untimely communication development and predictors of communication performance in autism are inspected, based on a review of retrospective and prospective studies (Deming, 1999). Autism is also recognized as a multifaceted developmental disability. It is believed that Autism manifest itself at the earliest three years of a child's life. The disorder is due to neurological problem that has the consequence on normal brain working, influencing the development of the child’s social interaction and communication skills. People or children with autism have problem with a wide range of social interactions, non-verbal communication, and activities which include elements of banter and play. It is known that Autism has a huge genetic basis, though the genetics of autism are multifaceted and it is uncertain whether ASD is clarified more by atypical mutations, or by unusual amalgamation of universal genetic variants. In extraordinary cases, autism is heavily associated with agent which causes birth defects. Controversies encloses other projected environmental causes, which include pesticides, heavy metals and childhood vaccination, the vaccine theory are organically improbable and lack persuasive scientific proof (Forbes, 2006). The extend of autism is approximately about 1–2 per 1,000 populace worldwide, and the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) account 20 per 1,000 people in the United States are detected with ASD as of the year 2012[update] which is up from 11 per 1000 in the year 2008. The number of populace detected with autism has been rising radically since the 1980s, partially due to transformation in diagnostic performance and government-subsidizing financial inducement for the named diagnoses; the matter of whether the actual prevalence has enlarged is unanswered (Deming, 1999). People with an ASD who obtained early intervention or management end up having better brain function, communication ability and overall social behavi or in comparison to ASD people with no early intervention and management, various researchers accounted that the brains of children with autism showed respond well to the pivotal response management or treatment, If it were given early on. The agenda, that requires parental participation in addition to play circumstances, was fashioned purposely for brood with autism. The innovative technique incorporates learning and growth factors that are easy to use with very little children (Deming, 1999). Symptoms People with autism might have troubles with communication skills or abilities, social skills, and reaction to their surroundings. Not all characters or behavior will manifest in every child. Therefore, diagnosis must be done with the child's doctor or other qualified with knowledge in working with people with autism. Probable signs and symptoms associated with autism are categorized into communication, social skills and reaction to the world. For the communication the child could pre sent with the following sign and symptoms; child not able to speak or having limited speech, loss of certain words that the child was previously able to say, complexity in expressing their basic needs and wants, they tend to have poor vocabulary growth, having difficulty in answering questions

Portfolio Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Portfolio Theory - Essay Example While it has already been established that Portfolio 2 gives the higher expected return rate, the risk involved would also have to be considered. Portfolio 3 has the higher standard deviation. This means that the projects that make up Portfolio 3 are riskier by nature, or that they involve more uncertainties as compared to those in Portfolio 2. This, however, is not to be counted as a disadvantage for Portfolio 3 since it has turned out that the investors are known to be high risk-takers. They do not mind taking in more risk in exchange for higher return. Based on these given facts, Portfolio 3 is the better choice to recommend to the Top Choice Investments group. As for the combination of the two projects making up Portfolio 2, it has a positive covariance figure. Computed at 97.50%, this means that the two projects generally tend to move in the same direction in terms of positive and negative developments. The factors that are favorable for one project in Portfolio 2 are equally beneficial for the other project. Accordingly, the factors that are detrimental to one project have high chances of also negatively affecting the other project in Portfolio 2. As a portfolio, this does not present a good combination, since bad indications for one would mean similarly bad things for the other. With a correlation coefficient computed at 0.65, Portfolio 2 would be expected to increase in value during the good days of both projects and to decrease in value during the bad days. With such positive correlation coefficient, Portfolio 2 would suffer badly during days when either project in it would be adversely affected by prevailing situations. Such a scenario occurs when two projects in a portfolio involve the same industry, like the real estate industry. Therefore, if a portfolio is composed of a project in a building and another in an apartment, it would mean big damages